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The epochs of industrial revolutions refer to the distinct phases of technological and economic transformation that have reshaped production and society over time. The First Industrial Revolution (late 18th to early 19th century) was driven by steam power and mechanization, especially in textiles and iron industries. The Second Industrial Revolution (late 19th to early 20th century) introduced electricity, mass production, and assembly lines, greatly increasing efficiency. The Third Industrial Revolution, or Digital Revolution (mid-20th century onward), was marked by the rise of electronics, computers, and automation. Today, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is characterized by advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, and data-driven systems, blurring the boundaries between physical, digital, and biological spheres.
This lecture is part of HIS 306 History of the Industrial Revolutions from 1750 to 2010 in the History and International Studies department. The course has 20 recorded lectures across 10 series, all free to watch. Read or download the HIS 306 lecture note to study alongside the video.