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Geology · 200 Level
This is the complete lecture note for GEY 209 Introduction to Surveying, prepared for Geology students at 200 Level. You can read it online below, open it in the full viewer, or download the PDF for offline study. It pairs with the course's video lectures, so you can read and watch together.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Course code: GEY 209 Course title: Introduction to Surveying Units: 3 Units List of series Series 1: Surveying Instruments and Their Applications Series 2: Fundamental Methods and Techniques of Surveying Series 3: Types of Land and Specialized Surveys Series 4: Advanced Surveying Practices and Technologies Series 5: Geological and Mining Evaluation in Surveying 1.1 Introduction to Surveying Instruments - 1.1.1 Definition of surveying instruments - 1.1.2 Classification of instruments (linear, angular, and area measurement) - 1.1.3 General principles of instrument use 1.2 Linear Measurement Instruments - 1.2.1 Chain and steel measuring tape - 1.2.2 Ranging poles and land chain arrows - 1.2.3 Applications in fieldwork 1.3 Angular and Levelling Instruments - 1.3.1 Dumpy level - 1.3.2 Theodolite - 1.3.3 Applications in elevation and angle measurement 1.4 Area and Specialized Instruments - 1.4.1 Planimeters - 1.4.2 Other specialized tools (brief overview)
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS - 1.4.3 Applications in areal surveying 1.5 Care, Handling, and Calibration of Instruments - 1.5.1 Proper handling and storage - 1.5.2 Calibration and maintenance - 1.5.3 Common errors and how to avoid them Introduction Imagine standing on a wide stretch of land, tasked with measuring its boundaries and features. Without the right tools, such a task would be nearly impossible to complete with accuracy. Surveying instruments provide the means to transform rough terrain into precise data, enabling engineers, geologists, and planners to make informed decisions. This Series introduces you to the essential instruments of surveying, their functions, and their practical applications, forming the foundation upon which all other surveying techniques are built. The aim of this Series is to familiarize you with the principal surveying instruments and to equip you with the knowledge required to identify, classify, and apply them correctly in different surveying contexts. We shall commence this Series by examining the general background and classification of surveying instruments. Then, we will move on to instruments used for linear measurement, such as chains, tapes, ranging poles, and arrows. Following that, we will explore angular and levelling instruments, including the dumpy level and theodolite. Subsequently, we will consider instruments designed for measuring areas, such as planimeters and other specialized tools. Finally, we will wrap up by discussing the care, handling, and calibration of instruments, ensuring that you are prepared to use them effectively and maintain their accuracy in practice. Series Learning Outcomes Upon completing this Series, you should be able to: - SLO 2.1 define surveying instruments and classify them according to their functions, - SLO 2.2 explain the use of linear measurement instruments such as chains, tapes, ranging poles, and arrows, - SLO 2.3 demonstrate the application of angular and levelling instruments including the dumpy level and theodolite, - SLO 2.4 apply area measurement instruments such as planimeters to practical surveying tasks, and
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS - SLO 2.5 evaluate appropriate methods for handling, calibrating, and maintaining surveying instruments to ensure accuracy and reliability. 1.1 Introduction to Surveying Instruments Surveying is a discipline that relies heavily on tools designed to measure distances, angles, and areas with precision. Without these tools, surveyors would struggle to produce reliable data for mapping, construction, or land evaluation. In this Part, we shall explore the meaning of surveying instruments, how they are classified, and the general principles guiding their use. This foundation will prepare you for the more detailed study of specific instruments in subsequent Parts. 1.1.1 Definition of surveying instruments A surveying instrument is any tool or device used to measure, record, or analyze physical features of land, water, or structures for the purpose of producing accurate survey data. These instruments range from simple tools such as chains and tapes to more complex devices like theodolites and planimeters. Surveying instruments are essential because they ensure accuracy, efficiency, and consistency in fieldwork. They also allow surveyors to translate natural features into usable maps and plans. Fill in the blank: A _______ instrument is any tool or device used to measure, record, or analyze physical features of land.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Figure 1.1 Basic surveying instruments used in fieldwork. 1.1.2 Classification of instruments Surveying instruments can be classified into three broad categories: - Linear measurement instruments: Tools used to measure straight distances, such as chains, steel tapes, and arrows. - Angular measurement instruments: Devices used to measure angles and elevations, such as theodolites and dumpy levels. - Area measurement instruments: Instruments designed to calculate surface areas, such as planimeters. This classification helps surveyors select the right tool for each task, ensuring efficiency and accuracy. Fill in the blank: Instruments used to measure angles and elevations are called ______ measurement instruments. Category Purpose Examples Linear Measurement Used to measure the horizontal or vertical distance between two points. Chain, Steel Tape, EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement), Odometer.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Angular Measurement Used to determine the horizontal or vertical angles between survey lines. Compass (Prismatic/Surveyor's), Theodolite, Sextant. Area Measurement Used to calculate the surface area of a specific plot or boundary directly from a map. Planimeter, Pentagraph (for scaling). Elevation / Leveling Used to find the relative heights or elevations of points. Dumpy Level, Tilting Level, Auto Level, Leveling Staff. Table 1.1 Classification of surveying instruments. 1.1.3 General principles of instrument use Every surveying instrument must be used according to certain principles to ensure accuracy. These include: - Calibration: The process of adjusting an instrument to maintain accuracy. - Proper handling: Ensuring instruments are carried, set up, and stored correctly to avoid damage. - Environmental consideration: Recognizing that weather, terrain, and human error can affect measurements. Surveyors must always check their instruments before use, handle them carefully during fieldwork, and store them properly afterwards. Fill in the blank: The process of adjusting an instrument to maintain accuracy is called _____.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Plate 1.1 Calibration of a dumpy level before use. Pilot Questions 1.1 1. Define a surveying instrument. 2. State the three main categories of surveying instruments. 3. Give two examples of linear measurement instruments. 4. What is calibration in the context of surveying instruments? 5. Why is proper handling of instruments important in surveying? 1.2 Linear Measurement Instruments Linear measurement is one of the most fundamental tasks in surveying. It involves determining the straight-line distance between two points on the ground. To achieve this, surveyors rely on specific instruments designed to provide accuracy and reliability. In this Part, we shall examine the chain, steel measuring tape, ranging poles, and land chain arrows, as well as their applications in fieldwork.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS 1.2.1 Chain and steel measuring tape The chain is a traditional surveying instrument made up of linked metal segments, usually measuring 20 or 30 meters in length. It is used for measuring straight distances on relatively flat terrain. Although simple, chains are durable and easy to use, but they can be affected by sagging or uneven ground. The steel measuring tape is a flexible strip of steel marked with graduations in metres and centimetres. It is more accurate than the chain and is often used where precision is required. However, steel tapes must be handled carefully to avoid bending or breaking. Fill in the blank: A ______ tape is a flexible strip of steel marked with graduations in metres and centimetres.
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