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Nigeria's free digital learning hub. Videos, lecture notes, practice questions and leaderboards aligned with CCMAS, NBTE, NCCE, WAEC, NECO, IJMB and JAMB curricula.
Public Health · 400 Level
This is the complete lecture note for PHS 402 Health systems, planning management and administration, prepared for Public Health students at 400 Level. You can read it online below, open it in the full viewer, or download the PDF for offline study. It pairs with the course's video lectures, so you can read and watch together.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS COURSE CODE: PHS 402 COURSE TITLE: Health Systems, Planning, Management and Administration COURSE CREDIT LOAD: (2 Units C: LH 30) LISTS OF SERIES: 1. Overview of the Nigerian Health Care System 2. Health Policy, Planning, and Programme Development 3. Organisation, Financing, and Delivery of Health Care 4. Management of Human and Material Resources in Health Care 5. Leadership, Administration, and International Health Systems Series 1 Outline: Overview of the Nigerian Health Care System • Part 1: Historical development of the Nigerian health care system • 1.1 Pre-colonial and colonial influences • 1.2 Post-independence reforms • 1.3 Evolution of health policies • Part 2: Structure and organisation of the Nigerian health care system • 2.1 Levels of health care (primary, secondary, tertiary) • 2.2 Public and private sector roles • 2.3 Federal, state, and local government responsibilities • Part 3: Key components and services of the Nigerian health care system • 3.1 Preventive and curative services • 3.2 Primary health care programmes • 3.3 Role of traditional and alternative medicine • Part 4: Challenges and prospects of the Nigerian health care system • 4.1 Funding and resource constraints • 4.2 Human resource issues • 4.3 Opportunities for improvement and innovation Introduction The Nigerian health care system is a vital pillar of national development, as it directly influences the wellbeing and productivity of the population. Understanding its structure, history, and challenges provides a foundation for effective health planning, management, and administration. This Series introduces you to the origins and evolution of the Nigerian health care system, its organisation, and the services it provides, while also highlighting the issues that shape its current performance and future prospects. The aim of this Series is to equip you with the knowledge needed to explain the historical development of the Nigerian health care system, describe its organisational structure, analyse its key components and services, and evaluate the challenges and opportunities for improvement. We shall begin by tracing the historical development of the Nigerian health care system, from pre-colonial practices through colonial influences to post-independence reforms. Next, we will examine the structure and organisation of the system, focusing on the roles of different levels of care and government tiers. We will then explore the key components and services, including
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS preventive and curative programmes, primary health care, and the role of traditional medicine. Finally, we will consider the challenges facing the system, such as funding and human resource constraints, and discuss prospects for innovation and improvement. Series Learning Outcomes Upon completing this Series, you should be able to: • SLO 1.1 define the historical development of the Nigerian health care system, • SLO 1.2 explain the structure and organisation of the Nigerian health care system, including the roles of different levels of care and government tiers, • SLO 1.3 describe the key components and services of the Nigerian health care system, such as preventive and curative programmes, primary health care, and traditional medicine, and • SLO 1.4 evaluate the major challenges and prospects of the Nigerian health care system, including funding, human resources, and opportunities for improvement. 1.1 Historical Development of the Nigerian Health Care System 1.1.1 Pre-colonial and colonial influences In the pre-colonial era, health care in Nigeria was largely community-based and centred on traditional medicine. Traditional medicine refers to the use of herbs, rituals, and indigenous practices to prevent and treat illness. Communities relied on local healers, midwives, and herbalists to provide care. With the advent of colonial rule, Western medical practices were introduced. Missionaries and colonial administrators established hospitals and dispensaries, primarily in urban centres and areas of economic interest. These facilities were limited in scope and often inaccessible to rural populations. Fill in the blank: In the pre-colonial era, health care in Nigeria was largely __________-based and centred on traditional medicine.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Figure 1.1: Traditional and colonial influences on Nigerian health care 1.1.2 Post-independence reforms Following independence in 1960, Nigeria sought to expand access to health care. The government introduced policies to strengthen public health infrastructure and extend services to rural areas. The Primary Health Care (PHC) initiative, launched in the 1980s, was a landmark reform aimed at providing essential health services at the community level. Fill in the blank: The Primary Health Care initiative was launched in the __________ to provide essential services at the community level. 1.1.3 Evolution of health policies Over time, Nigeria has developed several health policies to guide the system. The National Health Policy of 1988 emphasised equity and access, while subsequent revisions have focused on strengthening health financing, human resources, and service delivery. Policies have also addressed emerging challenges such as HIV/AIDS, maternal and child health, and universal health coverage. Fill in the blank: The National Health Policy of 1988 emphasised __________ and access to health care.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Box 1.1: Key milestones in Nigerian health policy • 1988: National Health Policy introduced • 1980s: Primary Health Care initiative launched • 2000s: Policies addressing HIV/AIDS and maternal health • 2014: National Health Act passed Pilot questions 1.1 1. Define traditional medicine in the Nigerian context. 2. State one limitation of colonial health facilities. 3. In which decade was the Primary Health Care initiative launched? 4. What did the National Health Policy of 1988 emphasise? 5. Mention one health challenge addressed by later policies. 1.2 Structure and Organisation of the Nigerian Health Care System 1.2.1 Levels of health care The Nigerian health care system is organised into three levels of care: • Primary health care (PHC): The first point of contact for individuals and families. It provides basic preventive, promotive, and curative services such as immunisation, antenatal care, and treatment of common illnesses. • Secondary health care: Delivered in general hospitals, it provides more specialised services including surgery, laboratory tests, and management of more complex conditions.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS • Tertiary health care: Offered in teaching hospitals and specialist centres, it provides highly specialised services such as advanced surgery, oncology, and intensive care. Fill in the blank: __________ health care is the first point of contact for individuals and families. Figure 1.2: Levels of health care in Nigeria 1.2.2 Public and private sector roles Health care in Nigeria is delivered by both the public sector and the private sector. • The public sector, managed by government institutions, provides services at subsidised rates and is responsible for policy formulation and regulation. • The private sector includes for-profit hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies, as well as non-governmental organisations (NGOs). It plays a significant role in service delivery, especially in urban areas, but often at higher costs. Fill in the blank: The __________ sector provides health services at subsidised rates and is responsible for policy formulation. 1.2.3 Federal, state, and local government responsibilities Nigeria’s health system is decentralised, with responsibilities shared across three tiers of government: • Federal government: Responsible for policy development, regulation, and management of tertiary health institutions. • State governments: Manage secondary health facilities such as general hospitals and coordinate health programmes within their states.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS • Local governments: Oversee primary health care centres and community-based health services. Fill in the blank: The __________ government is responsible for managing tertiary health institutions. Box 1.2: Responsibilities of government tiers in Nigerian health care • Federal: Policy, regulation, tertiary institutions • State: Secondary facilities, coordination of programmes • Local: Primary health care centres, community services Pilot questions 1.2 1. Name the three levels of health care in Nigeria. 2. Which level of health care provides immunisation services? 3. State one role of the private sector in health care delivery. 4. Which tier of government manages secondary health facilities? 5. Who is responsible for policy development and regulation in Nigerian health care? 1.3 Key Components and Services of the Nigerian Health Care System 1.3.1 Preventive and curative services The Nigerian health care system provides both preventive services and curative services. Preventive services include immunisation, health education, sanitation, and disease surveillance, all aimed at reducing the risk of illness. Curative services involve the diagnosis and treatment of
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS diseases, ranging from common infections to more complex conditions. Together, these services form the backbone of health care delivery. Fill in the blank: __________ services include immunisation, health education, sanitation, and disease surveillance. Figure 1.3: Preventive and curative services in Nigerian health care 1.3.2 Primary health care programmes The Primary Health Care (PHC) approach is central to Nigeria’s health system. It focuses on essential services such as maternal and child health, family planning, nutrition, and control of endemic diseases like malaria. PHC centres are designed to be community-based,
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