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Nigeria's free digital learning hub. Videos, lecture notes, practice questions and leaderboards aligned with CCMAS, NBTE, NCCE, WAEC, NECO, IJMB and JAMB curricula.
Medical Laboratory Science · 400 Level
This is the complete lecture note for GEY 312 Photogeology and remote sensing, prepared for Medical Laboratory Science students at 400 Level. You can read it online below, open it in the full viewer, or download the PDF for offline study. It pairs with the course's video lectures, so you can read and watch together.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS GEY 312: Photogeology and Remote Sensing (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45) Course Code: GEY 312 Course Title: Photogeology and Remote Sensing Course Unit: 3 Units C Series 1: Fundamentals Of Electromagnetic Radiation And Photogrammetry Series 2: Study And Interpretation Of Aerial Photographs Series 3: Satellite Imageries And Remote Sensing Concepts Series 4: Image Processing And Geological Applications Of Remote Sensing Series 5: Report Writing And Presentation In Photogeology And Remote Sensing Series 1 Fundamentals Of Electromagnetic Radiation And Photogrammetry • Part 1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation And Spectrum • 1.1.1 Nature of electromagnetic radiation • 1.1.2 Electromagnetic spectrum and its relevance to remote sensing • Part 1.2 Principles Of Photogrammetry • 1.2.1 Definition and scope of photogrammetry • 1.2.2 Techniques and instruments used in photogrammetry • Part 1.3 Applications Of Photogrammetry In Geology • 1.3.1 Geological mapping and terrain analysis • 1.3.2 Mineral resource evaluation • Part 1.4 Limitations And Challenges In Photogrammetry • 1.4.1 Technical limitations • 1.4.2 Environmental and practical challenges
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Introduction Remote sensing relies on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and the Earth’s surface, making it essential for geologists to understand how radiation behaves and how it can be captured. Photogrammetry, which involves obtaining reliable measurements from photographs, is one of the earliest and most widely used techniques in geological studies. Together, these concepts form the foundation of photogeology and remote sensing. The aim of this Series is to introduce you to the basic principles of electromagnetic radiation and photogrammetry, and to equip you with the knowledge needed to apply these techniques in geological investigations. We shall commence this Series by examining the nature of electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. Next, we will explore the principles of photogrammetry, including its scope and techniques. Following that, we will consider the applications of photogrammetry in geology, such as mapping and mineral resource evaluation. Finally, we will conclude by discussing the limitations and challenges associated with photogrammetry. Series Learning Outcomes Upon completing this Series, you should be able to: • SLO 1.1 define electromagnetic radiation and explain its relevance to remote sensing, • SLO 1.2 describe the electromagnetic spectrum and its geological applications, • SLO 1.3 explain the principles and scope of photogrammetry, • SLO 1.4 demonstrate techniques and instruments used in photogrammetry, • SLO 1.5 apply photogrammetry to geological mapping and terrain analysis, • SLO 1.6 evaluate the role of photogrammetry in mineral resource assessment, and • SLO 1.7 analyse the limitations and challenges of photogrammetry in geological studies. 1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation And Spectrum 1.1.1 Nature of electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation refers to energy that travels through space in the form of waves. It consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that move at the speed of light. This radiation can be emitted by natural sources such as the Sun or artificial sources such as sensors and transmitters. In remote sensing, electromagnetic radiation is fundamental because it interacts with the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, allowing us to detect and measure reflected or emitted energy. These interactions provide valuable information about geological features, vegetation, water bodies, and other surface materials.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Figure 1.1 Nature of electromagnetic radiation Fill in the blank: Electromagnetic radiation travels through space in the form of ______. 1.1.2 Electromagnetic spectrum and its relevance to remote sensing The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete range of electromagnetic radiation, arranged according to wavelength or frequency. It includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves. Each region of the spectrum has unique properties and applications in remote sensing. For example, visible light allows us to capture aerial photographs, while infrared radiation is used to study vegetation health and thermal properties of rocks. Microwaves are particularly useful in radar systems, which can penetrate clouds and provide data regardless of weather conditions. Box 1.2 Applications of different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in remote sensing Spectrum Region Target Property Key Geological Asset Visible Surface Color General lithology & outcrops.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Spectrum Region Target Property Key Geological Asset Near-IR Cell structure / Moisture Vegetation-covered terrain mapping. Short-Wave IR Molecular vibration Mineral Alteration Zones (Gold/Copper). Thermal IR Kinetic temperature Geothermal & Volcanic monitoring. Microwave Surface Roughness Structural Lineaments & Faults. Fill in the blank: The electromagnetic spectrum is arranged according to wavelength or ______. Pilot questions 1.1 1. Define electromagnetic radiation. 2. What is the importance of electromagnetic radiation in remote sensing? 3. Name three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. 4. Which region of the spectrum is used in radar imaging? 5. Why is infrared radiation important in geological studies? 1.2 Principles Of Photogrammetry 1.2.1 Definition and scope of photogrammetry Photogrammetry is the science of obtaining reliable measurements and information about physical objects and the environment from photographs. It involves using images captured from aircraft, satellites, or drones to determine the shape, size, and position of features on the Earth’s surface. The scope of photogrammetry extends beyond geology. It is used in cartography, engineering, architecture, and environmental studies. In geology, photogrammetry is particularly valuable for mapping terrain, identifying structures, and supporting mineral exploration.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Figure 1.3 Definition and scope of photogrammetry Fill in the blank: Photogrammetry is the science of obtaining reliable ______ from photographs. 1.2.2 Techniques and instruments used in photogrammetry Photogrammetry relies on specific techniques and instruments to ensure accuracy. Techniques include stereoscopic viewing, where overlapping photographs are examined to perceive depth, and triangulation, which uses geometry to calculate positions. Instruments used in photogrammetry include stereoscopes for viewing overlapping images, cameras with calibrated lenses, and software for digital image processing. Modern photogrammetry increasingly uses drones and satellite imagery, combined with computer algorithms, to produce highly detailed maps and models. Box 1.4 Techniques and instruments used in photogrammetry Stage Instrument/Tool Output Data Capture Drone / Aircraft Camera Raw Overlapping Images. Orientation Ground Control (GNSS) Georeferenced Image Block.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Stage Instrument/Tool Output Processing SfM Software / Photogrammetric Workstation Digital Surface Model (DSM). Final Product GIS Software Orthomosaic Map & Contours. Fill in the blank: Stereoscopic viewing allows overlapping photographs to be examined in order to perceive ______. Pilot questions 1.2 1. Define photogrammetry. 2. Name two fields outside geology where photogrammetry is applied. 3. What is stereoscopic viewing used for in photogrammetry? 4. List two instruments commonly used in photogrammetry. 5. Why are drones increasingly important in modern photogrammetry? 1.3 Applications Of Photogrammetry In Geology 1.3.1 Geological mapping and terrain analysis One of the most important applications of photogrammetry in geology is geological mapping. By analysing aerial photographs or satellite images, geologists can identify rock types, structural features, and landforms. Photogrammetry provides accurate spatial data that helps in producing geological maps, which are essential for exploration and research. Another key application is terrain analysis, where photogrammetry is used to study the shape and elevation of the land surface. This is achieved through contour mapping and digital elevation models, which allow geologists to understand slope stability, drainage patterns, and geomorphological processes.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Figure 1.5 Geological mapping and terrain analysis through photogrammetry Fill in the blank: Terrain analysis using photogrammetry often involves creating digital ______ models. 1.3.2 Mineral resource evaluation Photogrammetry also plays a vital role in mineral resource evaluation. By studying aerial and satellite images, geologists can detect surface expressions of mineral deposits, such as alteration zones, fault lines, or distinctive landforms. These observations guide further exploration and reduce the cost of field surveys. In addition, photogrammetry supports monitoring of mining activities, helping to assess environmental impacts and changes in land use. This makes it a valuable tool not only for resource discovery but also for sustainable management of geological resources. Box 1.6 Applications of photogrammetry in mineral resource evaluation Objective Photogrammetric Output Benefit Ore Grade Estimation Multi-spectral Orthomosaic Identification of surface mineral signatures.
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