EDM103 — Introduction to Management and Administrative Theories: Lecture Note

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LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS

LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS COURSE CODE: EDM 103 COURSE TITLE:Introduction to Management and Administrative Theories COURSE CREDIT LOAD: (2 Units C: LH 30) LISTS OF SERIES: 1. Series 1: Scientific Management and Classical Foundations 2. Series 2: Human Relations and Behavioural Approaches 3. Series 3: Neo-Behavioural and Motivation Theories 4. Series 4: Contingency and Social System Theories 5. Series 5: Contributions of Key Management and Administrative Theorists Scientific Management and Classical Foundations Part 1.1 Scientific Management Theory • 1.1.1 Origins and principles of scientific management • 1.1.2 Contributions of Frederick Taylor • 1.1.3 Applications and criticisms of scientific management Part 1.2 Classical Administrative Theory • 1.2.1 Henri Fayol’s principles of management • 1.2.2 Max Weber and the bureaucratic model • 1.2.3 Strengths and limitations of classical administrative theory Part 1.3 Early Contributions to Management Thought • 1.3.1 Mary Parker Follett and human cooperation • 1.3.2 Chester Barnard and organisational functions • 1.3.3 Influence of early theorists on modern management Part 1.4 Foundations and Legacy of Classical Theories • 1.4.1 Lasting impact on contemporary management practices • 1.4.2 Relevance to administrative structures today • 1.4.3 Transition towards behavioural and modern approaches Introduction

LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Management as a discipline did not emerge overnight, but developed gradually through the contributions of early thinkers who sought to improve efficiency and organisation. At the dawn of the twentieth century, industrial growth created the need for systematic approaches to managing work and people. This Series introduces you to the foundations of management theory, beginning with scientific management and classical approaches that shaped the way organisations were structured and administered. Understanding these theories is important because they provide the groundwork upon which modern management practices are built. The aim of this Series is to equip you with the ability to explain the principles of scientific management and classical administrative theory, analyse the contributions of their key proponents, and evaluate their continuing relevance to contemporary management and administration. We shall commence this Series by exploring the origins and principles of scientific management, focusing on Frederick Taylor’s contributions and the criticisms of his approach. Next, we will examine classical administrative theory, including Henri Fayol’s principles of management and Max Weber’s bureaucratic model. Following that, we will consider the early contributions of theorists such as Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard, who emphasised cooperation and organisational functions. Finally, we will wrap up by discussing the legacy of these classical theories and their influence on modern management practices, setting the stage for subsequent Series that address behavioural and modern approaches. Series Learning Outcomes Upon completing this Series, you should be able to: • SLO 1.1 define the principles of scientific management and explain Frederick Taylor’s contributions, • SLO 1.2 analyse the core ideas of classical administrative theory, including Henri Fayol’s principles and Max Weber’s bureaucratic model, • SLO 1.3 evaluate the early contributions of theorists such as Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard to organisational thought, and • SLO 1.4 assess the lasting impact and legacy of classical management theories on contemporary administrative practices. 1.1 Scientific Management Theory 1.1.1 Origins and principles of scientific management The scientific management theory refers to a systematic approach to improving efficiency in organisations by studying work processes and applying scientific methods. It emerged in the early twentieth century during the industrial revolution, when factories needed ways to increase

LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS productivity and reduce waste. The central idea was that work could be analysed, measured, and reorganised to achieve maximum efficiency. Fill in the blank: Scientific management is a systematic approach to improving __________ in organisations by studying work processes. Diagram showing the principles of scientific management: time study, standardisation, division of labour, and incentive systems. Caption: Figure 1.1 Principles of scientific management 1.1.2 Contributions of Frederick Taylor Frederick Taylor, often called the father of scientific management, introduced methods such as time study (measuring the time taken to complete tasks), standardisation (establishing uniform procedures), and task specialisation (assigning workers to specific roles). He believed that

LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS productivity could be improved if managers applied scientific methods rather than relying on intuition. Taylor also emphasised the importance of incentives, suggesting that workers should be rewarded for meeting performance targets. Fill in the blank: Frederick Taylor introduced methods such as time study, standardisation, and __________ to improve productivity. Image of Frederick Taylor observing factory workers during a time study. Caption: Plate 1.1 Frederick Taylor conducting a time study in a factory 1.1.3 Applications and criticisms of scientific management Scientific management was applied widely in manufacturing industries, leading to significant increases in productivity. It influenced assembly line production and modern industrial

LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS engineering. However, critics argued that it treated workers like machines, ignoring their social and psychological needs. The focus on efficiency sometimes led to monotonous work and worker dissatisfaction. Despite these criticisms, scientific management laid the foundation for later theories that incorporated human relations and behavioural perspectives. Fill in the blank: Critics of scientific management argued that it treated workers like __________, ignoring their social and psychological needs. Box 1.1: Strengths and criticisms of scientific management • Strengths: Increased productivity, systematic work processes, foundation for industrial engineering • Criticisms: Worker alienation, monotony, neglect of social needs

LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Pilot questions 1.1 1. Define scientific management and state its main purpose. 2. Identify two principles of scientific management. 3. Who is regarded as the father of scientific management? 4. State one method introduced by Frederick Taylor to improve productivity. 5. Mention one criticism of scientific management. 1.2 Classical Administrative Theory 1.2.1 Henri Fayol’s principles of management Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer who developed one of the earliest comprehensive theories of management. He identified principles of management, which are guidelines for organising and administering organisations effectively. These principles include division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, remuneration, centralisation, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, and esprit de corps. Fayol believed that applying these principles would improve efficiency and harmony in organisations. Fill in the blank: Henri Fayol’s principles of management include division of work, authority, discipline, and __________ of command.

LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Diagram showing Henri Fayol’s 14 principles of management arranged in a circular chart. Caption: Figure 1.2 Henri Fayol’s principles of management 1.2.2 Max Weber and the bureaucratic model Max Weber, a German sociologist, introduced the concept of bureaucracy, which he defined as a structured and rule-based system of administration. Bureaucracy emphasises hierarchy, formal rules, impersonality, and merit-based recruitment. Weber argued that bureaucracy was the most rational and efficient way to organise large institutions. However, critics later noted that excessive bureaucracy could lead to rigidity and inefficiency. Fill in the blank: Max Weber’s bureaucratic model emphasises hierarchy, formal rules, impersonality, and __________-based recruitment.

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