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This is the complete lecture note for COM505 Global Health and Role of Non-Government Health Organisations. You can read it online below, open it in the full viewer, or download the PDF for offline study. It pairs with the course's video lectures, so you can read and watch together.
la-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS
la-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Course code: COM 505 Course title: Global Health and Role of Non-Government Health Organisations Course credit load: 1 Unit Series 1: Origins and Development of International Health up to the Second World War • Part 1.1: Early Origins of International Health Cooperation o Sub Part 1.1.1: Early quarantine practices and the international spread of disease o Sub Part 1.1.2: The International Sanitary Conferences of the nineteenth century o Sub Part 1.1.3: The first International Sanitary Convention • Part 1.2: Early International Health Organisations o Sub Part 1.2.1: The International Office of Public Hygiene o Sub Part 1.2.2: The Health Organisation of the League of Nations o Sub Part 1.2.3: The Pan American Sanitary Bureau • Part 1.3: International Health in the Interwar Period and the Second World War o Sub Part 1.3.1: International health cooperation between the two world wars o Sub Part 1.3.2: Impact of the Second World War on international health o Sub Part 1.3.3: The path toward a new permanent international health organisation Introduction Long before the modern World Health Organization existed, nations were already grappling with a shared problem, how to protect their populations from diseases arriving by ship and by trade route from other parts of the world, without unnecessarily disrupting the commerce upon which their economies depended. Picture a nineteenth century port city, where quarantine officials from several rival nations meet uneasily to negotiate a shared set of rules for inspecting incoming vessels suspected of carrying cholera. Understanding how such early, often reluctant, cooperation gradually evolved into formal international health institutions is essential background for
la-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS everything that follows in this course, and it is this history that forms the subject of this opening Series. The aim of this Series is to equip you with a clear understanding of the origins and development of international health cooperation, from its earliest beginnings through the early international organisations of the twentieth century, up to the outbreak of the Second World War. This Series begins with the early origins of international health cooperation, before turning to the early international health organisations that emerged in the early twentieth century. It concludes with international health in the interwar period and the Second World War. Series Learning Outcomes At the end of this Series, you should be able to: • SLO 1.1: describe the early origins of international health cooperation, including quarantine practice and the International Sanitary Conferences • SLO 1.2: describe the first International Sanitary Convention and its significance • SLO 1.3: describe the establishment and functions of the International Office of Public Hygiene • SLO 1.4: describe the establishment and functions of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau • SLO 1.5: describe international health cooperation during the interwar period, and • SLO 1.6: describe the impact of the Second World War on international health and the path toward a new permanent international health organisation. 1.1 Early Origins of International Health Cooperation 1.1.1 early quarantine practices and the international spread of disease Protecting ports from disease arriving by sea The earliest recognisable form of international health protection was quarantine, the practice of detaining ships, passengers, or goods suspected of carrying disease for a defined period before permitting entry into a port, first developed by Mediterranean port cities in response to recurring outbreaks of plague during the medieval period, and gradually adopted more widely as international trade and travel expanded.
la-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS As maritime trade intensified during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, so too did the frequency with which diseases such as cholera, yellow fever, and plague spread between countries via shipping routes, and it became increasingly apparent that quarantine measures applied unilaterally, and inconsistently, by individual nations were poorly suited to a problem that was, by its very nature, international rather than purely domestic. Fill in the blank: Quarantine, the earliest recognisable form of international health protection, was first developed by Mediterranean port cities in response to outbreaks of ________. 1.1.2 the international sanitary conferences of the nineteenth century In recognition of the inherently international nature of epidemic disease, European nations began convening a series of International Sanitary Conferences, beginning in 1851 in Paris, bringing together representatives of multiple countries to discuss shared quarantine standards and measures against diseases such as cholera and plague, marking one of the earliest sustained attempts at formal multilateral cooperation on a health matter. These early conferences proved slow and difficult, often taking years, or even decades, to reach meaningful agreement, reflecting persistent tension between the public health goal of disease control and the economic interest of participating nations in minimising disruption to trade and shipping, a tension that would continue to shape international health cooperation for many decades to come. Fill in the blank: The International Sanitary Conferences, an early attempt at multilateral cooperation on health, began in 1851 in ________. 1.1.3 the first International Sanitary Convention After decades of negotiation across successive International Sanitary Conferences, the first binding International Sanitary Convention was eventually adopted in 1892, initially addressing cholera specifically, representing the first genuine international legal agreement on a matter of public health, and establishing an important precedent for the more comprehensive international health regulations examined in a later Series of this course. Further conventions addressing additional diseases and broader sanitary matters followed in subsequent years, gradually expanding the scope of formal international health law, and this body of early conventions provided the essential legal and institutional foundation upon which the more permanent international health organisations examined in the next Part of this Series were eventually built. Fill in the blank: The first binding International Sanitary Convention was adopted in 1892, initially addressing ________.
la-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Figure 1.1: Officials inspecting a ship's cargo hold at a historical port quarantine station. Pilot questions 1.1 1. Define quarantine and describe its earliest historical origins. (Linked to SLO 1.1) 2. Explain why unilateral national quarantine measures were poorly suited to controlling epidemic disease. (Linked to SLO 1.1) 3. Identify the year and location of the first International Sanitary Conference. (Linked to SLO 1.1) 4. Explain why the early International Sanitary Conferences were slow to reach agreement. (Linked to SLO 1.1) 5. Identify the year of the first binding International Sanitary Convention and the disease it addressed. (Linked to SLO 1.2) 1.2 Early International Health Organisations 1.2.1 the international office of public hygiene An early permanent secretariat for international health The International Office of Public Hygiene, commonly known by its French acronym OIHP, was established in 1907 in Paris, representing the first permanent international body dedicated to
la-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS public health, tasked principally with monitoring the international spread of specified epidemic diseases and supporting the implementation of the International Sanitary Conventions discussed in the previous Part of this Series. Although limited in scope compared with later international health organisations, the OIHP represented an important institutional advance, since it provided a standing secretariat capable of ongoing epidemiological monitoring and coordination between International Sanitary Conferences, rather than relying solely on periodic, occasional international meetings to address emerging health threats. Fill in the blank: The International Office of Public Hygiene, commonly known by its French acronym OIHP, was established in 1907 in ________. 1.2.2 the health organisation of the league of nations Following the establishment of the League of Nations after the First World War, a dedicated Health Organisation was created as one of the League's technical bodies, with a considerably broader mandate than the earlier OIHP, encompassing not only epidemic disease control but also wider public health matters, including standardisation of biological products and international exchange of public health expertise. The Health Organisation of the League of Nations made significant contributions to international health during the interwar period, including early work on epidemiological intelligence gathering and standardisation efforts, and, despite the League of Nations' broader political limitations, is generally regarded as an important direct institutional predecessor to the World Health Organization examined in the next Series of this course. Fill in the blank: The Health Organisation of the League of Nations is generally regarded as an important direct institutional ________ to the World Health Organization. 1.2.3 the pan american sanitary bureau The Pan American Sanitary Bureau, established in 1902, predates even the OIHP and represents the oldest continuously operating international health organisation in the world, created to coordinate public health cooperation among countries of the Americas, reflecting particular regional concerns about diseases such as yellow fever affecting trade and travel within the region. The Pan American Sanitary Bureau's early establishment and sustained operation demonstrated that effective regional international health cooperation was achievable even before comparable global institutions had been fully developed, and the Bureau itself
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