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This is the complete lecture note for CHM 108 General Chemistry Practical II. You can read it online below, open it in the full viewer, or download the PDF for offline study. It pairs with the course's video lectures, so you can read and watch together.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Course Code: CHM 108 Course Title: General Chemistry II Course Unit: 1 Units Series 1: Laboratory Safety and Rules Series 2: Scientific Data Collection and Experimentation Series 3: Glassware and Equipment Identification Series 4: Organic Compound Testing and Analysis Series 5: Functional Group and Quantitative Analysis Series 1: Laboratory Safety and Rules Series Outline 1.1 General Laboratory Rules • 1.1.1 Importance of discipline in the laboratory • 1.1.2 Personal conduct and responsibility • 1.1.3 Handling of laboratory records 1.2 Safety Procedures and Equipment • 1.2.1 Identification and use of safety equipment • 1.2.2 Emergency procedures and first aid basics • 1.2.3 Safe disposal of chemical waste 1.3 Personal Protective Measures • 1.3.1 Proper use of protective clothing and gear • 1.3.2 Hygiene practices in the laboratory • 1.3.3 Preventing accidents and injuries Introduction Working in a chemistry laboratory can be both exciting and rewarding, yet it also presents certain risks if proper rules and safety measures are not followed. Accidents such as chemical spills, fires, or injuries often occur when basic precautions are ignored. Therefore, learning and practising laboratory safety is not only essential for protecting yourself and others, but it also ensures that experiments are conducted effectively and without unnecessary interruptions. This Series will prepare you to approach laboratory work with confidence and responsibility. The aim of this Series is to equip you with the knowledge and skills required to follow general laboratory rules, apply safety procedures, and adopt personal protective measures that safeguard both individuals and the learning environment. We shall commence this Series by examining the general rules that govern behaviour and discipline in the laboratory. Next, we will focus on safety procedures and the correct use of safety equipment, including emergency responses and waste disposal. Finally, we will wrap up by exploring personal protective measures such as clothing, hygiene practices, and accident
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS prevention strategies. Together, these Parts will provide a strong foundation for safe and effective laboratory practice. Series Learning Outcomes Upon completing this Series, you should be able to: • 1.1 define the general rules that govern behaviour, discipline, and record keeping in the chemistry laboratory, • 1.2 explain the importance of personal responsibility and conduct in maintaining a safe laboratory environment, • 1.3 identify and demonstrate the correct use of safety equipment such as fire extinguishers, eye wash stations, and fume hoods, • 1.4 outline emergency procedures and apply basic first aid responses to common laboratory incidents, • 1.5 evaluate safe methods for handling and disposing of chemical waste to prevent hazards, • 1.6 demonstrate appropriate personal protective measures including the use of clothing, hygiene practices, and accident prevention strategies. 1.1 General Laboratory Rules 1.1.1 Importance of discipline in the laboratory Discipline in the laboratory is the foundation of safe and effective scientific practice. Discipline refers to the consistent adherence to established rules, procedures, and behaviours that ensure order and safety. Without discipline, experiments may be compromised, and hazards such as chemical spills or equipment damage may occur. Learners must cultivate habits of punctuality, attentiveness, and respect for instructions, as these qualities directly influence the success of laboratory work. Fill in the blank: A lack of __________ in the laboratory often leads to accidents and poor experimental results.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Figure 1.1 A disciplined laboratory environment. 1.1.2 Personal conduct and responsibility Every learner has a duty to maintain proper conduct, which means behaving in a respectful, cautious, and responsible manner while in the laboratory. This includes avoiding horseplay, handling chemicals carefully, and respecting both peers and instructors. Responsibility is the obligation to take ownership of one’s actions, ensuring that equipment is used correctly and that safety measures are followed. Responsible conduct reduces risks and fosters a collaborative learning environment. Fill in the blank: Proper laboratory __________ involves respect for peers, careful handling of chemicals, and adherence to safety measures. Plate 1.1 Demonstrating responsible conduct in the laboratory. 1.1.3 Handling of laboratory records Accurate and organised laboratory records are essential for documenting experiments, observations, and results. Laboratory records refer to written or digital notes that capture the details of procedures, data, and conclusions. They serve as evidence of work done and allow experiments to be repeated or verified. Learners must record data promptly, clearly, and systematically, avoiding alterations or omissions. Proper record keeping also supports academic integrity and scientific reliability. Fill in the blank: Laboratory __________ provide evidence of experiments and ensure that results can be verified or repeated.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Box 1.1: Key guidelines for laboratory record keeping Pilot questions 1.1 1. Which term refers to consistent adherence to rules and procedures in the laboratory? 2. What is the main benefit of maintaining discipline in laboratory work? 3. Define personal responsibility in the context of laboratory practice. 4. Why are laboratory records considered essential in scientific work? 5. List two key guidelines for effective laboratory record keeping. 1.2 Safety Procedures and Equipment 1.2.1 Identification and use of safety equipment In every laboratory, safety equipment refers to specialised tools and installations designed to protect individuals from harm and to minimise risks during experiments. Examples include fire extinguishers, eye wash stations, safety showers, fume hoods, and first aid kits. Learners must be able to identify each item, know its location, and demonstrate its correct use. For instance, a fume hood is used to safely handle volatile chemicals by drawing harmful vapours away from the user. Fill in the blank: A __________ hood is used to safely handle volatile chemicals by drawing harmful vapours away from the user.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Figure 1.2 Common safety equipment in a chemistry laboratory. 1.2.2 Emergency procedures and first aid basics Emergency procedures are predefined steps to follow when accidents occur in the laboratory. These include raising alarms, evacuating safely, and using first aid equipment. First aid refers to the immediate care given to an injured person before professional medical help arrives. For example, chemical burns should be rinsed with plenty of water, while cuts should be cleaned and covered with sterile bandages. Knowing these basics ensures quick and effective responses that reduce the severity of injuries. Fill in the blank: Immediate care given to an injured person before medical help arrives is called __________. Plate 1.2 Applying first aid in a laboratory emergency.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS 1.2.3 Safe disposal of chemical waste Chemical waste refers to unwanted or leftover substances produced during laboratory experiments. Improper disposal of chemical waste can cause environmental pollution and health hazards. Safe disposal involves separating waste into categories such as organic solvents, acids, bases, and heavy metals, and then following approved disposal methods. For example, acids and bases may be neutralised before disposal, while organic solvents are collected in labelled containers for specialised treatment. Fill in the blank: Improper disposal of __________ waste can cause environmental pollution and health hazards. Box 1.2: Guidelines for safe chemical waste disposal Pilot questions 1.2 1. Name two examples of safety equipment commonly found in a chemistry laboratory. 2. What is the purpose of a fume hood? 3. Define first aid in the context of laboratory emergencies. 4. Why is it important to separate chemical waste into categories before disposal? 5. List two guidelines for safe disposal of chemical waste. 1.3 Personal Protective Measures 1.3.1 Proper use of protective clothing and gear Protective clothing refers to specialised garments such as laboratory coats, gloves, and goggles that shield the body from chemical splashes, burns, or contamination. Learners must always wear protective clothing before beginning any experiment, as it serves as the first line of defence against hazards. For example, goggles protect the eyes from harmful vapours or splashes, while gloves prevent direct contact with corrosive substances. Fill in the blank: Laboratory __________ are worn to protect the body from chemical splashes and contamination.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Plate 1.3 Proper use of protective clothing in the laboratory. 1.3.2 Hygiene practices in the laboratory Hygiene practices are behaviours that maintain cleanliness and prevent contamination in the laboratory. These include washing hands before and after experiments, avoiding eating or drinking in the laboratory, and keeping work surfaces clean. Good hygiene reduces the risk of chemical ingestion or cross-contamination of samples. Learners should also tie back long hair and avoid loose clothing that may catch fire or spill chemicals. Fill in the blank: Good laboratory __________ reduces the risk of chemical ingestion and contamination of samples. Figure 1.3 Hygiene practices in the laboratory.
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