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This is the complete lecture note for BST419 Making Technology. You can read it online below, open it in the full viewer, or download the PDF for offline study. It pairs with the course's video lectures, so you can read and watch together.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS • The course code: BST419/513 • The course title: Wine – Making Technology • The course credit load: 3 Series 1: Foundations and History of Wine Making Series outline 1.1 Origins and Early Development of Wine Making • 1.1.1 Ancient Beginnings of Wine • 1.1.2 Cultural and Religious Significance • 1.1.3 Spread of Wine Making Across Civilisations 1.2 Evolution of Wine Making Practices • 1.2.1 Traditional Methods and Tools • 1.2.2 Influence of Geography and Climate • 1.2.3 Transition to Scientific Approaches 1.3 Historical Milestones in Wine Technology • 1.3.1 Discovery of Fermentation Principles • 1.3.2 Advancements in Storage and Ageing • 1.3.3 Emergence of Modern Vinification Protocols 1.4 Contemporary Relevance of Wine History • 1.4.1 Lessons from Historical Practices • 1.4.2 Influence on Modern Wine Culture • 1.4.3 Globalisation and Wine Industry Trends Introduction Wine making is one of the oldest biotechnological practices known to humanity. From ancient civilisations to modern societies, wine has played a significant role in culture, religion, trade, and social life. Understanding the foundations and history of wine making provides learners with a strong background for appreciating the scientific and technological advances that have shaped the industry. This Series sets the stage for the rest of the course by exploring how wine making began, evolved, and continues to influence global practices today.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS The aim of this Series is to introduce you to the historical roots of wine making and to highlight the key developments that have shaped its evolution into a modern scientific discipline. We shall commence this Series by examining the origins and early development of wine making, including its ancient beginnings, cultural significance, and spread across civilisations. Next, we will explore the evolution of wine making practices, focusing on traditional methods, geographical influences, and the transition to scientific approaches. Following that, we will study historical milestones in wine technology, such as the discovery of fermentation principles and advancements in storage. Finally, we will conclude by considering the contemporary relevance of wine history, drawing lessons from the past and examining how globalisation continues to shape wine culture today. Series Learning Outcomes Upon completing this Series, you should be able to: • SLO 1.1 define the origins and early development of wine making, including its cultural and religious significance. • SLO 1.2 explain how traditional methods and geographical factors influenced the evolution of wine making practices. • SLO 1.3 analyse key historical milestones in wine technology, such as fermentation discoveries and storage innovations. • SLO 1.4 evaluate the contemporary relevance of wine history and its influence on modern wine culture and industry trends. 1.1 Origins And Early Development Of Wine Making 1.1.1 Ancient beginnings of wine Wine making is among the earliest biotechnological practices discovered by humans. Archaeological evidence suggests that grape fermentation was taking place as far back as 6000 BCE in regions such as Mesopotamia and Georgia. Fermentation is the biochemical process in which sugars are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by microorganisms, usually yeast. Early societies often stumbled upon this process accidentally, when grape juice stored in clay jars fermented naturally.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS A simple diagram showing the biochemical process of fermentation. Figure 1.1: Basic pathway of sugar fermentation into alcohol Fill-in-the-blank: The biochemical process that converts sugars into alcohol is called __________. 1.1.2 Cultural and religious significance Wine quickly became more than a drink, serving symbolic and spiritual roles in many societies. In ancient Egypt, wine was offered to gods and used in burial ceremonies. In Greece, it was central to social gatherings known as symposia, where philosophical discussions and entertainment took place. In Rome, wine became a staple of daily life and commerce, influencing trade and agriculture. Religious traditions such as Christian communion and Jewish rituals continue to use wine symbolically today.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS An artistic depiction of an ancient Greek symposium with wine vessels. Plate 1.2: Wine in cultural and religious gatherings Fill-in-the-blank: In ancient Greece, wine was central to social gatherings known as __________. 1.1.3 Spread of wine making across civilisations The spread of wine making was facilitated by trade and conquest. The Phoenicians, known as skilled traders, carried grapevines and wine-making knowledge across the Mediterranean. The Romans expanded viticulture, which is the cultivation of grapevines, throughout Europe, establishing vineyards that still exist today. As wine making spread, local climates and soils influenced the characteristics of wines, leading to diverse traditions and flavours.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Fill-in-the-blank: The cultivation of grapevines is known as __________. Pilot questions 1.1 1. Which ancient civilisation provides the earliest evidence of wine fermentation? 2. Define fermentation in the context of wine making. 3. What was the role of wine in ancient Egyptian society? 4. Name the social gatherings in Greece where wine played a central role. 5. Which group of people expanded viticulture across Europe? 1.2 Evolution Of Wine Making Practices 1.2.1 Traditional methods and tools Early wine making relied on simple tools such as clay jars, wooden presses, and stone basins. Grapes were often crushed by hand or foot, and fermentation occurred naturally without controlled conditions. Traditional wine making refers to methods passed down through generations, often relying on local knowledge and practices rather than scientific principles. These methods produced wines with unique flavours but were inconsistent in quality.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS An image showing traditional grape crushing by foot in ancient wine making. Plate 1.3: Traditional grape crushing methods Fill-in-the-blank: Wine making methods passed down through generations without scientific control are called __________. 1.2.2 Influence of geography and climate The quality of wine is strongly influenced by terroir, a French term that refers to the combination of soil, climate, and geography that affects grape growth and flavour. Regions with warm climates often produce grapes with higher sugar content, leading to stronger wines, while cooler climates yield grapes with higher acidity, producing lighter wines. Ancient civilisations quickly realised that location mattered, and vineyards were carefully established in areas with favourable conditions.
LA-NET | ONLINE LEARNING VIDEO PLATFORM FOR POST-SECONDARY & HIGHER INSTITUTION STUDENTS Diagram showing the influence of climate and soil on grape quality. Figure 1.2: Terroir factors affecting wine characteristics Fill-in-the-blank: The French term that describes the influence of soil, climate, and geography on wine is __________. 1.2.3 Transition to scientific approaches Over time, wine making shifted from traditional practices to more scientific methods. The discovery of microorganisms and their role in fermentation marked a turning point. Controlled fermentation using selected yeast cultures allowed for greater consistency and predictability. The introduction of cooling systems, improved storage vessels, and chemical analysis further enhanced wine quality. This transition laid the foundation for modern vinification, which is the process of converting grapes into wine using scientific protocols.
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